Renal

Which of the following public health interventions is most effective in reducing the incidence of CKD at a population level?

A senior physician explains to students that although all patients are equal, some will receive priority access to ICU beds based on clinical guidelines and expected outcomes. This reflects a prioritisation based on:

A 2-yo presents with vomiting confusion and rapid breathing secondary to ingestion of high doses of Disprin. What would you administer to increase renal excretion of aspirin via ion trapping?

What is acetozolamide used for?

Which of the following drugs reduces glomerular filtration rate by causing afferent arteriolar constriction?

Why are ACE inhibitors contraindicated in bilateral renal artery stenosis?

What is the clinical outcome of a horseshoe kidney?

During embryological development of the kidney which of the following outcomes will occur if the ureteric bud fails to establish contact with the metanephrogenic blastema?

A 22 year old male donates blood. Shortly after his mean arterial pressure drops slightly towards 75mmHg. Which of the following physiological responses would be most responsible for maintaining his glomerular filtration rate in this mild hypotension?

Which of the following is correctly matched with the part of the nephron and what substances are reabsorbed?

Which of the following is NOT an indication for renal replacement therapy:

A 50-year-old man presents to his GP with a 2-week history of facial puffiness, particularly around the eyes, and swelling of both ankles. He denies any dysuria, visible haematuria, or recent infections. On examination, his blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. Urinalysis reveals proteinuria, and a 24-hour urine collection confirms 4.2 grams of proteinuria. His serum cholesterol is elevated, and renal function tests are within normal limits.
Which of the following best characterises this clinical presentation?

A 55 year old male notes puffiness around his eyes and welling of his feet for the past 2 weeks. On physical examination, his blood pressure is 136/80 mmHg. His urine dipstick shows 3+ proteinuria and 1+ Haematuria. His 24hr urine specimen shows more than 3.5 g of protein. His cholesterol is 8ml/dl (normal is less than 5 mmol/L). What are his direct IMF findings in the glomeruli?

What is the likely cause of haematuria and proteinuria in a deaf male patient

A 3-year-old boy is brought to the paediatric clinic with a painless, progressively enlarging mass in his right testis. On examination, the testis is firm and non-tender. Serum tumour markers reveal a significantly elevated alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) level. Histological examination of the excised mass reveals a primitive malignant neoplasm with mixed architectural patterns. Additionally, characteristic Schiller-Duval bodies are seen on microscopy.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A child presents to the clinic with painless gross haematuria and periorbital oedema. On further questioning, you discover a family history of sensorineural hearing loss. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis?

Which of the following is NOT true for a seminomatous germ cell tumour?

A 62-year-old male with a 15-year history of poorly controlled hypertension (158/98 mmHg) presents to the clinic for his routine follow up. Laboratory results are suggestive of declining kidney function, and report an eGFR of 45mL/min/1.75m^2. A renal biopsy is performed. What is the most likely observation?